Walsh, Winterich and Mittal

Summary Walsh, Winterich and Mittal (2010) wanted to find out whether logo redesigning help or hurt the brand or attitude towards it. They wanted to determine its effect on brand commitment. They defined a logo as a graphic representation of a brand that acted in such a way as to trigger the memory of the customer towards that particular brand. There are various brand elements that are essential for the success of a product and it to be recognized by customers but the brand logo has been identified as the most noticeable visual element.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Walsh, Winterich and Mittal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shape of the logo has been determined to have an impact on the brand commitment. Many brands are emulating those of Asian countries. The bulbous designs with round shapes are preferred to those with more angles. In order to investigate whether the round shape of a logo has an effect, the authors investigated the effects of logo redesigning. In the investigation, they were to check on three categories. The first consisted of those that experienced no change in shape, the other category consisted of those logos that had been redesigned to consist of an angular shape and the last category consisted of those that were initially angular but redesigned to be more rounded. The results showed that fifty percent of all the logos that had been investigated changed in shape and sixty-eight percent of them had been redesigned to contain more rounded shapes. Research has suggested that the reactions of the customers towards the shape of the logo differ with the shape of the logo, whether rounded or angular. It has been suggested that the more rounded logos create a perception of approachability, harmony and friendliness. On the other hand, the angular logos depict strength, toughness and energy. This means that the visual effects of a logo would have an implication on the pe rception of the customers. However, the authors did not try to justify that a particular shape is better than the other is. They only tried to explain that if the logo was previously more angular and was redesigned to be more rounded, the customers would spot the difference. They also examined the effects that the magnitude of change in the design of the logo had to the level of commitment by the consumers to the brand. The authors suggested that those consumers who are strongly committed to a particular brand would be affected negatively in the event that the shape of the logo is changed. This is possible due to the importance of logos as the element that represents that particular brand. This is likely lead to negative brand attitudes. In the same line of reasoning, those consumers who previously had a weak brand commitment would most likely develop positive brand attitude towards the redesigning of a brand logo.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research proved that the visual elements of a brand such as the logo have a significant implication on the brand. The roundedness of a logo was also more desired by those who considered redesigning a logo. The authors warned managers and explained that managers make a mistake when they think that their most committed customers would be most receptive in the event that the logo is changed. On the contrary, such customers might have a negative brand image when the logo is changed. For example, Apple failed to advertise the new logo effectively but only made its appearance in products and packaging. This might be the reason why the strongly committed consumers responded negatively. They might have been caught by surprise and disappointed by the new look that they had not anticipated. Critique Walsh, Winterich and Mittal (2011) also performed research to investigate how the customer’s response to the redesigning of a logo from its previous angular shape to a more rounded shape was consistent with their commitment to the brand. The authors argued that the level of commitment of the consumers to the brand moderated the effects on the attitudes towards the brand that are likely to be brought about by the process of redesigning the logo. However, they argued that as much as the commitment to the brand had a positive impact towards brand attitudes of individuals who were previously accustomed to the angular logos, the same commitment had a negative effect towards the brand attitude in the event that the logo was redesigned to be more rounded. The authors also found that brand information was supposed to be consistent with the shape of the logo since inconsistence would affect brand attitudes. Therefore, the authors advised managers to be careful when redesigning logos since inconsistent information would jeopardize brand commitment. Opinion Every company should be careful to ensure t hat the most committed consumers are maintained. Such activities as the redesigning of the logo should be approached at a certain perspective and be considered wisely. The mere changing of the shape of the logo either to be more rounded or angular has an effect on the brand attitudes and generally toward brand commitment. Managers should understand the implications of logo redesigning before considering performing it. Twitter contribution Social media has increasingly become an important tool for marketing and the promotion of personal relations over the internet. Twitter is one of the social tools that have been used by marketers and other individuals in marketing their products. Individuals have used it to advertise or inform others about certain things that are of concern to them and related to business. Twitter is one of the most widely used application by marketers due to the number of people that use it, hence a large number of potential customers.Advertising We will writ e a custom report sample on Walsh, Winterich and Mittal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a new member of twitter, I have developed a great interest in this application and I have been able to share some of the interesting topics in marketing. This has been made possible by the availability of the hash tag utility. This enables people to share common views and ideas concerning a certain subject. I have personally shared web pages on topics such as advertisement. The advertisement that I shared was on YouTube and it was an Audi commercial. The company was advertising its products, which are the various models of the Audi brand of vehicles. Another important tweet I made was on the topic concerning the new ways of reaching the customers. This was whereby the customers could do some shopping while they waited for the subway. Marketers used that opportunity to sell their products. I was also able to tweet on the topic, marketing and soc ial responsibilities and it was about the Zain Company. I also tweeted and shared the article summary and critique. This way, I was able to participate in the global venture of marketing. Twitter is a great tool for communicating and sharing information since it is very effective and fast. I was also able to follow some of my favorite people such as Derrick Daye and Philip Kotler who are well known marketers. Twitter is a great experience and I am looking forward to doing more marketing through it. References Walsh, M., Winterich, K., Mittal, V. (2011). How re-designing angular logos to be rounded shapes brand attitude: Consumer brand commitment and self-construal. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28(6), 438-447. Walsh, M., Winterich, K., Mittal, V. (2010). Do logo redesigns help or hurt your brand? The role of brand commitment. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 19(2), 76-84. This report on Walsh, Winterich and Mittal was written and submitted by user Eva Mays to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quotes About Courage From the Cowardly Lion

Quotes About Courage From the Cowardly Lion The Cowardly Lion from The Wizard of Oz lives up to his name, at least at the beginning of the 1939 film. We eventually learn that hes not really a coward;  rather, he thinks he is  because he doesnt ​believe in himself. Before all is said and done, the Cowardly Lion performs several courageous acts without realizing his bravery. The Cowardly Lion Is Caught Faking Bravery The first time  the Lion encounters Dorothy, the  Scarecrow,  and the Tin Man, Dorothy smacks him on the nose for being a bully. She quickly realizes hes all bluster: Dorothy:  My goodness, what a  fuss youre making! Well, naturally, when  you go around picking on things weaker than you are. Why, youre nothing but a great big coward!Cowardly Lion:  [crying] Youre right, I am a coward! I havent any courage  at all. I even scare myself.  [sobbing]  Look at the circles under my eyes. I havent slept in weeks!Tin Man:  Why dont you try counting sheep?Cowardly Lion:  That doesnt do any good, Im afraid of em. The Cowardly Lions Funny Fear Quote The Cowardly Lion doesnt usually let his nervousness keep him from doing the right thing. He has a sense of humor about it, too. In one scene, he wants to be brave and save Dorothy  but has to make a joke first: Cowardly Lion: All right, Ill go in there for Dorothy. Wicked Witch or no Wicked Witch, guards or no guards, Ill tear them apart. I may not come out alive, but Im going in there. Theres only one thing I want you fellows to do.Tin Man and Scarecrow: Whats that?Cowardly Lion: Talk me out of it! The Cowardly Lion Shows His Bravery By the time he encounters the Wicked Witchs palace guards, the Lion has had enough. If hes afraid, he doesnt show it (we suspect that he is but is putting on a brave front): Cowardly Lion: Put em up, put em up! Which one of you first? Ill fight you both together if you want. I’ll fight you with one paw tied behind my back. I’ll fight you standing on one foot. I’ll fight you with my eyes closed...oh, pullin’ an axe on me, eh? Sneaking up on me, eh? The Cowardly Lions Thoughts on Courage In his most famous song, the Lion muses on what it would be like if he had courage (not realizing he already has plenty): Cowardly Lion: [singing]Im afraid theres no denyinIm just a dandy-lionA fate I dont deserveIm sure I could show my prowessBe a lion, not a mouseIf I only had the nerve Just before meeting  the Wizard in the Emerald City, the Cowardly Lion muses about what it would be like to be the king of the forest,  imagining that everyone would respect and fear him: Dorothy:  Your Majesty, if you were king, you wouldnt be afraid of anything?Cowardly Lion:  Not nobody! Not nohow!Tin Man:  Not even a rhinoceros?Cowardly Lion:  Imposerous!Dorothy:  How about a hippopotamus?Cowardly Lion:  Why, Id thrash him from top to bottomus!Dorothy:  Supposing you met an elephant?Cowardly Lion:  Id wrap him up in cellophane!Scarecrow:  What if it were a brontosaurus?Cowardly Lion:  Id show him who was king of the forest!

Supply Chain Management Issues in Boeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Supply Chain Management Issues in Boeing - Essay Example This has also put all other stakeholders into serious problems. This paper presents an analysis of the supply chain of Boeing in the context of various facets of the management of the supply chain by the company. In response to A 380 airliner from its arch rival Boeing Corporation embarked on the manufacture of 'Boeing787 Dreamliner' a light weight model with seating capacity of 210 to 296 passengers. "The 787 Dreamliner is a family of new airplanes that promises to bring big-jet comfort and economics to the mid-size market. The Boeing 787 incorporates advanced materials, systems and engines to provide a 20% improvement in fuel performance on a per-passenger basis. The 787-8 Dreamliner will carry 210 to 250 passengers about 7,650 to 8,200 nautical miles and the 787-9 will carry 250 to 290 passengers about 8,000 to 8,500 nautical miles (Boeing Commercial Aerospace). The first delivery was scheduled for May 2008 which now has been pushed as far as the second quarter of 2009. With firm orders worth $ 144 billion the company has found serious issues with its global supply chain as a result of which the company has postponed the delivery of the airliner a number of times causing serious concerns to the major airlines that have placed orders with Boeing for this aircrafts. The production process of making the new aircraft with new light weight composite materials in itself is a challenge for the company. In addition the company has made drastic changes in its supply chain which eventually has hit the progress in the manufacture and delivery of Dreamliner. The way in which the company has organized its supply chain for 787 manufacturing has put a complicated way in which the supply chain partnering firms share risks and profits from the airliner. This implies that the financial burden will be put up and down on the firms in the chain as every company would like to protect their own financial interest. This would necessarily result in chaos in the short-term and considerable delays in the completion of the manufacture of the product which will make everyone in the line suffer. The real issue is Boeing attempted to use what appears to be an automotive product like production pr ocess in which all the parts and components in a pre-fabricated form are brought the assembly line. This has necessitated sections of the aircraft to be flown out of far off locations in Japan, Italy, South Carolina and Kansas to be assembled in Washington within a short time of as much as three days. Apart from this there are various other supply chain issues being faced by the company which are explored by this paper. Boeing and Supplier Quality Management Manufacture of Boeing 787 Dreamliner represents a complete shift in the manufacturing philosophy of Boeing Corporation as the company

History of Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of Google - Essay Example By the time the year 2000 ended, Google was already handling more than 100 million search queries a day, while always continuously looking for new ways to connect people with the information they needed, whenever and wherever they needed it. Â  The company founders of Google, Larry Page, and Sergey Brin were apparently actually not very fond of each other when they first met at Stanford University. Both Page and Brin had strong opinions and divergent viewpoints and basically argued about every single topic they discussed. However, it was this anomaly which "would eventually find common ground in a unique approach to solving one of computing's biggest challenges: retrieving relevant information from a massive set of data." ("Google", 2006). Â  It was in January of 1996 when the collaboration had begun on Google, which at that point in time was titled 'BackRub'. The reasoning Larry and Sergey gave for the naming of Google at this point in time was for its "unique ability to analyze the 'backlinks' pointing to a given website." ("Google", 2006). In 1998, Larry and Sergey began the search for a buyer, all the while continuing to work to perfect their technology through the first half of 1998. They, in fact, bought a terabyte of disks at bargain prices and built their own computer housings setup in Larry's dorm room, which actually became Google's first data center. Although the two were determined to find a potential business partner, at that point in time no one was interested at all in the idea. One among the many they called was their friend and Yahoo! founder David Filo, who said that "When it's fully developed and scalable, let's talk again." ("Google", 2006). He was impressed and thought that their technology was so lid, but encouraged them to grow the service themselves by starting a search engine company. Â  It was Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems, took a long at Larry and Sergey's demo and saw the long view potential. It was he who gave them their first check - for $100,000. However, since there was no legal entity known as 'Google, Inc.", (which the check was written out to), Larry and Sergey were basically forced to set up an actual corporation, which they did. It was set up as an attachment to the garage of a friend who sublet space to the new corporation's staff of three. Â  

Marxist Analys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marxist Analys - Essay Example Either form is a function of value which holds consistent the equivalence among its forms yet value itself varies depending on its meaning in the state of economy. Once the value is challenged in the process, regardless of form, its own size or magnitude is also subject to alter. Under Marx’s proposition, this is the stage around which ‘capital’ executes and comes in the scene to yield to a definition based on the shaping of the value, not the shifting of its form. On stating â€Å"Value therefore now becomes value in process, money in process, and as such, capital†, Marx likely signifies ‘process’ and argues how this is essential for the life of a capital where value is at work and its progress with changing measure determines capital. Without such process, it would be difficult to interpret capital and its purpose since the event of adding or subtracting from a value is characteristic of incorporating a function that would later meet the objective of generating a projected output or necessity such as income which is itself affected by the processed value. Marx pertains to the dilemma of treating ‘capital’ in terms of how it should emerge in and out of the circulation. The conflict, however, is not concerned about the presence of capital on either condition as being within or beyond circulation but Marx uses negation with ‘cannot’ and ‘impossible’ to emphasize the difficulty of designating ‘capital’ with respect to where circulation occurs. Though this is the case, Marx insists â€Å"it must have its origin both in circulation and not in circulation.† In order to settle the butterfly issue with capital, Marx resolves to have the double effect defeat its ground. Due to the fundamental property attached to capital, Marx proposes for capital to be conceived out of allowing circulation to adjust to the intrinsic laws of exchange. It is

Techspeak and Medtalk in Healthcare

Techspeak and Medtalk in Healthcare Running head: MEDTALK IN HEALTHCARE According to Harvard Health Commentaries (2006), physicians and other health care providers often use technical language when talking to their patients about health related issues. They use words that are not particularly technical but to a person who is unfamiliar with medical terminology, these words may still be difficult to understand. This is called techspeak or medtalk (Harvard Health Commentaries, 2006). Arbetter (1992) and Harvard Health Commentaries (2006) emphasizes the importance of understanding doctors suggestions and recommendations in regards to health, however understanding their terminology will be a struggle. Learning a few Latin and Greek root words and some common prefixes and suffixes will help a non-medical person have greater understanding of medtalk. because most of the medical terms are composed of word parts that have their origins in Ancient Greek or Latin (Arbetter, 1992). Harvard Health Commentaries (2006) suggest that taking a Latin class will not help much. They state the following: Perhaps thats because many of the most common terms doctors used are simply regular words used in a different way than what is usual for most people. And while technical terms are more readily noticed and translated, the less technical terms may be even harder to spot and avoid. Some doctors will use words or phrases to avoid giving patients misinformation. Harvard Health Commentaries (2006) gives this example: After chemotherapy, the lesion on chest X-ray disappeared. The term lesion could refer to a rash, lump or abnormality. The meaning of the term could refer to something insignificant or something severe. Physicians will use this term because more information is needed. They will avoid a more specific term such as cancer to describe the situation until there is more definitive information. This also prevents patients to worry about a medical situation that is still unclear. ÂÂ  Although Arbetter (1992) considers taking a Latin and Greek class to be unhelpful in understanding medical terminology, learning common Greek and Latin root words, prefixes, and suffixes highly used in the medical field will give greater understanding of medical terminology, or the study of terms that are used in the art and science of medicine (Arbetter, 1992). Here are some common Latin, Greek, and prefixes and suffixes used in medtalk presented by Arbetter (1992). Latin words, vaso or angio both means vessel or vessels, so an angiogram would mean an X-ray of the blood vessels. A vasodilator would be a drug that widens the blood vessels. Prefixes a or an means absent or without. Anorexia means without appetite and anemia means without blood. Prefixes hyper and hypo are often seen in medical terminology. Hyper- means increased or over, and hypo- means decreased, or under. Therefore, hyperthyroid would mean to have higher than normal activity of the thyroid gland and hypothyroid would mean just the opposite, to have lower than normal activity of this gland. The suffix -pathy and osis means disease or refers to a condition. Thus, neuropathy would refer to any disease of the nervous system. Nephrosis is a disease of the kidney. The suffix -ectomy refers to a surgical removal. An appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix. It is advantage for non-medical people to know the meaning of medical terms because understanding health-related issues can be beneficial. Knowing some medical terms sometimes prevent unnecessary worrying and can give confident in dealing with daily health-care situations/ According to Harvard Health Commentaries (2006), it is important to talk to your doctor, listen carefully, and ask for explanations especially if something is unclear. It is also recommended to ask for clarification in situations where you encounter words that are unfamiliar. References Harvard Health Commentaries. 2006, November. Tech speak. Harvard Health Publications Group. Retrieved from http://www.health.harvard.edu Arbetter, S. 1992. How to speak medtalk. Current Health 2, a Weekly Reader publication, May 1992, p. 24.

Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War Essay example -- Ending the

The cold war was a post-World War II struggle between the United States and its allies and the group of nations led by the Soviet Union. Direct military conflict did not occur between the two superpowers, but intense economic and diplomatic struggles erupted. Different interests led to mutual suspicion and hostility in a rising philosophy. The United States played a major role in the ending of the cold war. It has been said that President Ronald Reagan ended the cold war with his strategic defense policies. In the year1949, Germany was divided by the victors of World War II and they occupied different zones. The western regions united to form a Federal republic and the Soviet eastern region became communist East Germany. The cold war had begun. Berlin, the former capital of Germany was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin but was located deep inside the soviet controlled zone.1 Then, in 1961, the Soviet government built a wall which separated the two halves of the city. It was not until the 1980s that cold war tensions eased through the glasnost (openness to public debate) polices of soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Finally, in November 1989, the wall crumbled under the hands of the Germans and the cold war ended.2 The downfall of the cold war started when Ronald Reagan came into office in 1981. Reagan had two main priorities. He wanted to cut taxes and increase defense spending. He felt that the United States of America should take a confrontational approach towards Russia.3 Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of Russia in 1985. He wanted to improve the Russian economy. He also wanted to improve relations with the United States. He used his glasnost (openness to public debate) policy and perestroika (restructuring) to help the Russian economy.4 Both leaders wanted a "margin of safety". Reagan took a tough stand against Russia and it's allies. The soviets could clearly see that when Reagan said he wanted a "margin of safety", he meant that the United States should be superior to Russia. Moscow would not let this happen. They wanted equality.5 Reagan also believed that military power and respect for America abroad were inseparable from economic strength. However, Reagan's defense policy resulted in the doubling of the debt of the United States. He used the money for new strategic ... ... References 1 Walter Lippman, The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1947) 48-52. 2 Charles S. Maier, ed., The Cold War in Europe: Era of a divided Continent (New York: Markus Wiener Publishing, Inc., 1991) 27. 3 Ralph B. Levering, The Cold War (Illinois: Harlan Davidson, INC.,1988) 169. 4 Levering, 169 5 Levering, 169 6 John Young, Cold War Europe 1945-1989 (New York: Edward Allen, 1991) 26. 7 Levering, 171-2 8 Levering 173 9 "The End of the Cold War" http://usa.coldwar.server.gov/index/coldwar/ 2 Feb. 1997 10 http://usa.coldwar.server.gov/index/coldwar/ 11 Young, 28 12 Young, 28 13 Tom Morganthou, "Reagan's cold war 'sting'?", Newsweek 32 August 1993: 32 14 Levering, 180 15"Ending the Cold War", Foreign Affairs Spring 1988: 24-25 16 Young, 28 17 Young, 29 18 Young, 29 19 Levering, 187-188 20 "Ending the Cold War", 27 21 "Ending the Cold War", 28 22 Brinkley, Alan An Uneasy Peace 1988-, Vol. 10 of 20th Century America, 10 vols. (New York: Grolier 1995):22 23 Brinkley, 30 24 "George Bush addresses Europe" http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/burke/ 13 March 1997.

How Computers Changed the World Essay

How Computers have changed our world. There isn’t very many people around who can say that their lives have not been changed by computers. Computers †¦ How Have Computers Changed Our World – StudyMode.com Home †º Science The computer has significantly changed our world through advances in science and medicine, business and education. In fact the computer is a wonderful †¦ How Computers have Changed the World: Home Every little bit of technology is controlled by a chip, a computer chip. A computer is †¦ the next level. Truly all I am saying is†¦ computers have changed the world! How Did Computers Change the World? – Ask.com Q&A †º Science †º Environment Computers changed the world especially when the Internet came on the scene. No longer did the world seem so big as people could connect no matter where †¦ Computers have changed our lives completely – short article †¦ www.butterats.org/computers-how-they-have-changed-our-lives/ Aug 21, 2013 – Computers – how they have changed our lives †¦ In the academic world, teaching and learning has shifted from the manual and exhausting †¦ How computer change the world – Wiki Answers Categories †º Technology †º Computers Here is a list why computers have changed the world: †¦. Software used on computers has also changed and they now provide many more facilities which can be †¦ How has computers changed society – Wiki Answers wiki.answers.com †º †¦ †º Categories †º Technology †º Computers Computers have changed society in an infinite number of ways. What used to take †¦ In a sense, the world has become a smaller place because of the computer. How Computers Changed the World – Buzzle Jun 22, 2011 – Fire is known to be man’s first invention. But, little did he know then, that this effort was going to change his world so drastically. Since then †¦ How Apple computers changed the world forever – Catholic †¦ Many share Lun’s opinion that Apple computers’ success was solely the work of Apple’s chief executive officer, Steve Jobs, who has recently announced his †¦ Searches related to how did the computer changed the world

The Serial Comma is OK with Me

The Serial Comma is OK with Me The Serial Comma is OK with Me The Serial Comma is OK with Me By Maeve Maddox After a lifetime of being wishy-washy about the serial comma, I’ve reached a decision: I’m going to use it all the time. Such a momentous decision is, of course, a deeply personal matter. The pros and cons are widely, frequently, and hotly debated. Here is some information that may enable you to make the decision for yourself, if you haven’t already done so. serial comma: (also Oxford comma) n. a comma used after the penultimate item in a list of three or more items, before and or or (e.g. an Italian painter, sculptor, and architect). Penguin Writer’s Manual. Oxford comma: n. [after the preferred use of such a comma to avoid ambiguity in the house style of Oxford University Press] a comma immediately preceding the conjunction in a list of items. OED Some writers call the Oxford comma the â€Å"Harvard comma.† Heres a sentence with a serial comma: The Three Stooges are Larry, Moe, and Curly. Here it is without a serial comma: The Three Stooges are Larry, Moe and Curly. PRO serial comma The Chicago Manual of Style (2009) When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series, a comma- known as the serial or series comma or the Oxford comma- should appear before the conjunction. Chicago strongly recommends this widely practiced usage, blessed by Fowler and other authorities 6.19 The Elements of Style (2000) In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last. The stated rule seems ambiguous to me, but the examples that follow it are clear: red, white, and blue gold, silver, or copper Gregg Reference Manual (1993) When three or more items are listed in a series, and the last item is preceded by and, or, or nor, place a comma before the conjunction as well as between the other items. CON serial comma   AP Stylebook (2009) Use commas to separate elements in a series, but do not put a comma before the conjunction in a simple series: The flag is red, white and blue. He would nominate Tom, Dick or Harry. AP does allow a comma before and when ambiguity would result without one: Put a comma before the concluding conjunction in a series, however, if an integral element of the series requires a conjunction: I had orange juice, toast, and ham and eggs for breakfast. Penguin Guide to Punctuation (1997) Note also that it is not usual in British usage to put a listing comma before the word and or or itself (though American usage regularly puts one there.) So, in British usage, it is not usual to write The Three Musketeers were Athos, Porthos, and Aramis. On the fence regarding the serial comma Penguin Writer’s Manual (2002) It is becoming more common in British English (and is usual in American English) to place a comma before the and that precedes the final item in a simple list (numbers one, two, three, and four). Fowler’s Modern English Usage (1965) In promoting the use of the serial comma, CMOS observes that the usage is â€Å"blessed by Fowler† among other authorities. However, when I looked up the topic in Fowler (1965 edition) I found this remark, which seems neutral at best: The more usual way of punctuating such an enumeration as was used as an example in the preceding section is French, German, Italian and Spanish; the commas between French and German and German and Italian take the place of ands; there is no comma after Italian because, with and, it would be otiose [having no practical function; redundant; superfluous]. There are, however, some who favour putting one there, arguing that, since it may sometimes be needed to avoid ambiguity it may as well be used always for the sake of uniformity. So there you have it. My choice is to travel the path of otiosity for the sake of uniformity. What’s yours? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withComma Before ButWhile vs. Whilst

Free Essays on Presidential Veto

The Presidential veto has to do with much more than just the President saying no to a piece of Legislation. The President is influenced by many people, groups, as well as other influences before he makes a veto decision, although his own personal bias toward a subject holds a big role in his decision. The most important of the institutional influences is the nature and provocative ness of the legislation that Congress passes. Some important individual influences include the presidents â€Å"inflexibility† as a personality trait, which tends to cause presidents to veto more often. In this summary I will discuss in the individual and institutional influences on the president’s veto through the research of John B. Gilmore. In this summary I will explain some of the institutional variables under the presidency –centered approach which include, senate minority opposition, house minority opposition, senate majority opposition, house majority opposition, presidentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s popularity, midterm elections, veto proof margin’s, unemployment rate, and the subject to pocket veto. Also, the presidency-centered individual variables include presidential dummy variables and the president’s position on a piece of legislation which I will talk about a little later. Gilmour evaluates the difference between the â€Å"president† and â€Å"presidency† centered explanations of the presidential veto through many researchers such as Neustadt, Hager, Sullivan, Shields, Huang, Simonton, Rohde, Simon, and Woolley. The President-centered view believes that the president will have the freedom of action to impose his own views of leadership on the office and â€Å"to be as big a man as he can .† Presidency –centered explanations view the president as a clerk rather than a leader. Presidential veto behavior is determined by institutional factors beyond the control of the president according to presidency centered hypothesis one. Hypothes... Free Essays on Presidential Veto Free Essays on Presidential Veto The Presidential veto has to do with much more than just the President saying no to a piece of Legislation. The President is influenced by many people, groups, as well as other influences before he makes a veto decision, although his own personal bias toward a subject holds a big role in his decision. The most important of the institutional influences is the nature and provocative ness of the legislation that Congress passes. Some important individual influences include the presidents â€Å"inflexibility† as a personality trait, which tends to cause presidents to veto more often. In this summary I will discuss in the individual and institutional influences on the president’s veto through the research of John B. Gilmore. In this summary I will explain some of the institutional variables under the presidency –centered approach which include, senate minority opposition, house minority opposition, senate majority opposition, house majority opposition, presidentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s popularity, midterm elections, veto proof margin’s, unemployment rate, and the subject to pocket veto. Also, the presidency-centered individual variables include presidential dummy variables and the president’s position on a piece of legislation which I will talk about a little later. Gilmour evaluates the difference between the â€Å"president† and â€Å"presidency† centered explanations of the presidential veto through many researchers such as Neustadt, Hager, Sullivan, Shields, Huang, Simonton, Rohde, Simon, and Woolley. The President-centered view believes that the president will have the freedom of action to impose his own views of leadership on the office and â€Å"to be as big a man as he can .† Presidency –centered explanations view the president as a clerk rather than a leader. Presidential veto behavior is determined by institutional factors beyond the control of the president according to presidency centered hypothesis one. Hypothes...

Effective Management and Leadership. Key Functions of Leadership and Essay

Effective Management and Leadership. Key Functions of Leadership and Management, and Their Application - Essay Example Leadership can be described as a calling. For one to practice as an effective leader, they must tap into management skills. It is important to note that leadership and management are two different concepts that must go hand in hand for the successful operation of an organisation (Armstrong, 2012:15). Notably, effective management and leadership are important in guiding a particular team towards the attainment of its goals and objectives. Particularly, any leader requires effective management skills to direct any organisation efficiently. One must therefore adapt excellent managerial principles to be an efficient leader. Various Theories of Leadership and Management and Appreciate the Contemporary Issues Facing Leaders and Managers There are various theories that can be used to describe the issues of leadership and effective management. For one to be an effective leader they must understand how an efficient team works therefore it is important to look at John Adair’s action cen tred leadership framework. This model supports previous on motivation by Maslow (Janet, 2006:45). The model offers a well defined strategy for the effective management and leadership of any group, team or organisation. It is a basic leadership and management framework that can be easily adapted or applied to various business situations. Effective managers and leaders have command of the three areas stipulated by the model. These are task, individual and team. Effective managers and leaders are said to have command of the three areas and can balance them to improve productivity within a team, improve staff morale, develop teams and build and improve quality. According to Adair’s framework, there are three basic responsibilities for management. These include accomplishing a particular task, managing a team or a group and managing people. The framework stipulates the roles and duties of a manager in achieving a given task. Some of the important roles that have been identified in clude defining the activities to be achieved, coming up with a plan on how to attain these tasks, monitoring and evaluating performance of the group and reporting the progress to the relevant authorities. The framework spells out the responsibilities of a manager towards the group (Gray, 2010:34). These are to set up and communicate to the members of the group the culture, ethics and aims and objectives of the group. Finally, it spells out the responsibilities of managers for different team members. Managers should understand their team members in terms of skills, personality, strengths, weaknesses and goal. This model concludes that management and leadership are different. Furthermore, good leaders are not necessarily effective mangers but good leaders will have effective management skills. Secondly, there is the management theory of leadership that is commonly referred to as the transactional theory. This model pays close attention to the role of group performance, supervision and organisation. It is based on a system of rewards for outstanding performance and punishments for substandard performance. From the leadership perspective, the relationship between managers and employees is an exchange. Both parties have something to offer. Rules and regulations are important in leadership (Forssell, 2008:78). Employees are not required to be creative or come up with solutions to problems. This framework is application in entities where there are simple problems. This model is only effective in specific situations and it hinders managers and employees from realising their optimum potential. There is the contingency theory of leadership and management that states that no leadership or management style is suitable for all work environments. According to the model, there are various

Runic Alphabets in Scandinavia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Runic Alphabets in Scandinavia - Essay Example Sadly, the meanings of these symbols and their purpose are now lost. Like runes, they were believed to be used for divination and they may have strongly influenced the magical function of later runic alphabets (Smith 1996). Historians and anthropologists are uncertain about the early uses of runes. They may have been used as actual characters for writing. However, the name rune suggests that they were also used as mystical signs or symbols which possess powerful magic. Early Germanic literature bear testimony to the magical character of runes. The Edda, a series of poems, and folk songs to these modern days attest to the influence that runes have on humanity. In fact, the supernatural powers of runes are said to have not only influence, but can overcome natural and physical laws. Runes can summon rain or violent thunderstorms. They can break chains and shackles, or bind men into them. They can heal illness or cause someone to suffer disease. They could raise the dead from their graves. Warriors can become invincible with the help of runes, and cause his weapon to inflict mortal wounds to the enemy. Runes can make men mad, as they can also protect men from the deceitful designs of others. Runes are generally considered as of divine origin, since Odin himself, as related in the Edda, had to sacrifice his person in order to learn the secrets of the runes. Odin was also the foremost runemaster, according to Germanic literature, and was known to have used the stones to exercise personal revenge. Simultaneous with the magical use of runes, there is also evidence that they were used as a means of communication. These messages may have been popular or used in secret. Saga of Egill Skallagrmsson, his daughter Thorger apparently carved the Sunatorrek -- a beautiful poem on a runic staff or runakefli -- where Egill laments the death of his son. Stone monuments are also lasting evidence of the roles played by runes in olden times. These are more common in England and Scandinavia. Some of these monuments simply bear the name of a fallen warrior. Others relate his life and exploits. Since these runic inscriptions were often found in England and Scandinavia, it could be inferred that the use of runes for such purpose may be a later development (Ward & Waller, ed.). II. Discussion A. General Development and Transformation of Runes Runes are also known as Futharks, named for the first six letters in their alphabet, namely, F, U, Th, A, R, and K. The Elder Futhark has 24 letters, the Younger Futhark has 16 letters. Futhark was brought into England by the Anglo-Saxons and transformed into the 33-letter Futhorc, which accommodated the phonetic changes which occurred in Old English (AncientScripts.com). The runes of Scandinavia can be classified into three periods. They are also not related to the Futhorc of the Anglo-Saxon. The first period dates from around 175 A.D. to the 8th century. However, some evidence show that the period may have started much earlier, as far back as 50 A.D. This period is referred to as the Primitive Norse, and Christianity had not yet reached that far north. The language was called Primitive Old Norse for the Nordic Inscriptions and were in Germanic or Gothic languages in lands farther south. The language of this